Quote

Good quote I came across today: "Our greatest glory is not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall." -Confucius

Sounds much more inspiring than Chumbawumba's version.

Caregiver Discrimination at Work

Valuing Family in the Workplace: 

The Law’s Response to the Work-Life Balance

By Penn Dodson

 

            Imagine this:  you are the mother of two children, one of whom is disabled.  As a family you decide that both parents need to work full time to have adequate health insurance coverage, to make enough money to provide for your family and in particular the expenses associated with your child’s disability, generally to provide the quality of life you want, and to do work which you find satisfying.  You both choose your jobs carefully, learning all you can about the companies, especially the leave and flex time policies.  You follow every procedure to the “T,” equitably sharing the responsibilities of doctor appointments, teacher workdays, and parent-teacher conferences.  You never go over your allotted amounts of leave.

            After a couple of years, you suddenly realize that you’ve been passed over for two big promotions that your less competent co-workers have gotten.  A month later the hammer falls:  your husband’s boss tells him, “I’ve got to have someone reliable, not someone who has to play Mommy once a week” and fires him.

*          *          *

            As women have increasingly joined the workforce and the aging population has begun living longer, there are more people to care for and fewer people to provide care than there were 50 years ago.  At least in part to pay for the needs of dependents such as children, elderly parents, and sick or disabled family members, working age people have flocked to the workforce in droves.  Companies have discovered that with favorable sick leave, flexible work schedules, in-house childcare, and other family-friendly policies, they have been better able to attract top talent.  Generally speaking, those who provide care often show themselves to be responsible individuala, and they also have the added incentive of needing to remain in stable employment since peole depend on them, which promotes lotalty.  These employers have enjoyed the benefit of the talents of more women and other caregivers.  In turn, by family members working to support their dependents, pressure on the government to take care of these vulnerable populations is alleviated.

            As a society we are to the breaking point – in the ever-elusive “work-life balance” dilemma, something has to give.  Under this framework, where employers fail to follow their own policies or penalize employees for utilizing the benefits offered to them, the law is increasingly holding companies accountable.  Following are just a few examples of some of the kinds of claims being made.

*          *          *

One of the largest awards to date was one in Illinois in which a male custodian received a $11.65 million jury verdict.  The man had taken Family and Medical Leave Act (“FMLA”) leave to care for his elderly parents who were in poor health.  When he came back to work, his employer, which was a hospital of all things, established new performance standards that they applied very rigidly toward him but not to others in similar positions, and he was fired.  He sued his employer under the provisions of the FMLA which prohibit retaliation for taking FMLA leave.  Schultz v. Advocate Health & Hosp's Corp., 2002 WL 32154732 (N.D. Ill). 

Another caregiver case was brought by a female school psychologist who, despite consistently having outstanding performance reviews, had been denied tenure after having a child.  There was evidence that school district personnel said that it was not possible for a person to be a good mother and have the plaintiff's position and questioning how she could perform the job with "little ones."  She argued that her employer made stereotypical assumptions about her ability and commitment to return to work after having a child. The judge agreed that this was an example of gender stereotyping which constituted illegal gender discrimination.  Back v. Hastings on Hudson Union Free Sch. Dist., 365 F.3d 107 (2d Cir. 2004).

In another case, a male police officer in Maryland was denied FMLA leave to care for his wife and newborn child after they left the hospital following a difficult birth.  His supervisor told him that his wife would have to be "in a coma or dead" for him to qualify as the family's primary caregiver. A jury awarded over $600,000.  Knussman v. Maryland, 272 F.3d 625 (4th Cir. 2001).

*          *          *

            Employers have begun to recognize the carrot and the stick associated with caregivers.  By implementing and consistently following family-friendly policies, many companies have not only avoided being sued but have benefited from retaining bright, loyal caregiver employees rather than suffering the so-called “brain drain” of employees leaving the workforce when caregiving responsibilities arise.

            Meanwhile, workers who have family responsibilities struggling to maintain the precarious work-life balance as best they can have begun to collaborate with their employers to find creative solutions to meet their needs while remaining productive at work.  When pressed, they have begun to assert their rights, putting their foot down and saying with confidence that their families come first, and their jobs should not be in jeopardy because of it.  And the courts have heard, and often agreed with them.

 

 

For further reading:

• Williams, Joan. Unbending Gender: Why Family and Work Conflict and What to Do About It (Oxford University Press, 2001).
• www.worklifelaw.org - WorkLife Law Center of the University of California, Hastings College of the Law
• http://www.eeoc.gov/policy/docs/caregiving.html - Equal Employment Opportunity Commission “Enforcement Guidance: Unlawful Disparate Treatment Of Workers With Caregiving Responsibilities”

  

Penn Dodson, an employment law attorney with the downtown Athens firm of Timmons, Warnes & Anderson, LLP.  Penn can be reached at penndodson@yahoo.com or 706-548-8668.

 

Breastfeeding in public & at work

Breastfeeding Rights: Truth and Fiction

Even after the umbilical cord is cut, mothers still share a vital nutritional connection with their babies through breastfeeding.  Such a beautiful, natural thing.  Surely nothing could stand in the way of nurturing a healthy infant – right?  Unfortunately, this is not always the case.  Once a new mother and baby figure out the delicate bio-mechanics of how it all works, mom realizes at some point that she will have to go Out Into The World.  And it’s a world with a desperate fear of the unclothed human body.  Mom is desperately trying not to be an exhibitionist while still placating the child head-butting her chest, and she may begin to wonder… What are the rules? What are my rights?

Take heart.  Though we’re not 100% there yet, the rules are getting more mother-friendly all the time.  You have rights.

Breastfeeding and the law

Fact or fiction:  Breastfeeding is a constitutional right under federal law.

            Fact!  In the case Dike v. School Board, the federal appeals court in the circuit including Georgia held that breastfeeding is a constitutional right.  “Breastfeeding is the most elemental form of parental care. It is a communion between mother and child that, like marriage, is ‘intimate to the degree of being sacred,’ [ ] Nourishment is necessary to maintain the child's life, and the parent may choose to believe that breastfeeding will enhance the child's psychological as well as physical health. In light of the spectrum of interests that the Supreme Court has held specially protected we conclude that the Constitution protects from excessive state interference a woman's decision respecting breastfeeding her child.” 650 F.2d 783, 787 (former 5th Cir. 1981), internal citations omitted.  In that case, a kindergarten teacher had asked her husband to bring their baby to her every day during her lunch period so that she could nurse.  The school said she couldn’t do that because she was violating a school policy prohibiting employees’ children from coming on campus since doing so might subject the school to liability if an accident occurred.  The school also said she could not nurse her child in her car because of its policy forbidding employees from leaving the building during school hours.  She ended up switching the baby to formula and then when the baby displayed allergies eventually had to take unpaid leave time for the rest of the school year to breastfeed.  Fortunately the court hearing this case held that breastfeeding was a constitutional right. 

However, this did not give mothers a carte blanche to breastfeed anywhere and everywhere.  First, as this case went on to say, even when there are constitutional rights, if the governmental entity (such as the school) has a legitimate reason for evenly enforcing a policy (such as no teachers’ kids at school) it could still legally do so.  Second, what many people misunderstand about constitutional rights is that they simply mean that the government cannot infringe on that right.  So, for example, if she had been a kindergarten teacher at a private school she would not have had a case under constitutional law.  Similarly, if you are nursing on a bench in a public park and a state police officer asks you to leave, this may be a violation of your constitutional rights.  If you are in a privately owned store and the manager asks you to leave, you cannot sue him under the constitution for it (though you may have other rights). 

It is also worth mentioning that the fact that the court deemed breastfeeding to be a constitutional right means that the state cannot generally pass laws which would actively interfere with a woman’s right to breastfeed unless there is a compelling reason to do so.  This case was a huge victory for mothers and babies.

Fact or fiction:  State law allows you to breastfeed anywhere you’re allowed to be.

            Fact!  Georgia law takes federal caselaw even further.  You can cut this law out and put this Georgia law in your diaper bag:

“The breast-feeding of a baby is an important and basic act of nurture which should be encouraged in the interests of maternal and child health. A mother may breast-feed her baby in any location where the mother and baby are otherwise authorized to be.”  O.C.G.A. § 31-1-9

A mother may breastfeed her baby in any location where the mother and baby are otherwise authorized to be.  It’s the law.  Are you legally entitled to breastfeeding while riding a super duper crazy roller coaster?  No, your baby is not authorized to be on it.  Do you have a legal right to breastfeed on a bench in the mall?  Yes, you do.

Fact or fiction:  Employers must by law provide a private place and a break for milk pumping in support of breastfeeding.

            Fiction (in Georgia); fact in some other states.  In Georgia, the law is that employers may (but do not have to) provide a private location and opportunity (i.e. a break) to express milk.  O.C.G.A.  § 34-1-6.   The law encourages but does not require it.  In California and New York, by contrast, employers must provide this accommodation.  Some other states have passed legislation allowing employers to be labeled “Mother Friendly” if they have breastfeeding accommodation policies in place. 

Breastfeeding Accommodation

1. The Company encourages new mothers to nurse their babies.  As such, the Company will attempt to provide breastfeeding accommodation for at least the first year of the child’s life (for more than that you will need to speak with ___).
2. This accommodation is subject to the feasibility of instituting it given the staffing needs at the time.
3. This accommodation includes the following:
1. A location in which to nurse or pump breast milk discreetly and comfortably
2. Time in which to nurse or pump.  The nursing mother shall be allowed up to two 20-minute breaks (in addition to her normal lunch break) per day, not to be taken back-to-back.  These breaks are unpaid and the employee must clock out for these breaks.
4. Although children are generally not allowed on company premises, a nursing baby may be brought to the mother for the limited purpose of nursing during the allowed break times.  Mothers may not leave company premises during these break times.
5. If a mother opts to pump her breast milk, the company will attempt to make refrigerator space available in which to store it until the end of the day (milk must be taken home in the evenings).

These kinds of policies have been passed by legislatures not only based on the underlying notion that it is a good idea to support breastfeeding but also on more pragmatic rationales: breastfed babies get sick less, meaning new moms have to miss less work.  It is therefore a good idea for all employers, regardless of what the laws in the state are, to consider adopting such policies.  Whether you are currently breastfeeding or not, you can ask your employer to consider adopting a breastfeeding policy.  Here’s an example:

Fact or fiction:  Exposing a breast for the purpose of breastfeeding constitutes the crime of public indecency.

            Fiction (at least in Georgia):  In many states, public indecency statutes technically criminalized breastfeeding in public because of how the statutes were worded.  Showing a breast or a nipple was a crime.  Fortunately, because this was obviously not the intent of the laws, many states have passed modifications specifically exempting breastfeeding from indecent exposure laws.  In Georgia, the broad law mentioned above says that mothers may breastfeed wherever they are authorized to be.  O.C.G.A.  § 31-1-9.  The law authorizes you to do it, so you cannot legally be convicted for breastfeeding in public.

Fact or fiction:  The laws adequately protect mothers’ rights to breastfeed.

            Fiction!  Georgia is further along than some states, but it still needs legislation that actively protects mothers’ rights to breastfeed at work.  Contact your legislators!

           

For more information on the law:

La Leche League’s website has excellent summaries of the law related to breastfeeding.  http://www.lalecheleague.org/Law/LawUS.html?m=0,1,0

Beyond the law:  other things you can do

The American Academy of Pediatrics lists lack of public support as the number one reason why mothers discontinue breastfeeding before the end of the child’s first year. That means there is still work to do, both inside the law and out.

From time to time you hear about a security guard or a store manager asking a nursing mother to leave the premises, lock herself in a smelly bathroom stall, or cover up.  In some of these cases there are laws in place to protect against that kind of situation, sometimes not – but in either case, there are alternatives to heading to court.  In numerous instances across the country when women have been treated this way they have successfully organized media campaigns informing the public just which store it was that treated her that way.  Others have staged “nurse-ins,” getting a group of nursing mothers together sit-in style.  Less visibly, they have told all their parent friends where not to shop or have blogged about their experiences.  Use your creativity!

            If you make the brave and admirable choice to nurse your child, do so proudly and openly.  The more women future mothers see breastfeeding their children, the more normal it will seem to them to follow suit.  And if anyone gives you a hard time, come see me or another lawyer or breastfeeding support specialist!

Penn Dodson, nursed her two children for one year each.  She is an employment attorney with the firm of AndersonDodson, P.C.  She can be reached at penn@andersondodson.com or 212-961-7639.